How to treat diabetes?Of course, insulin.Everyone knows about it, even those who are far from medicine.After all, diabetes (in further text - diabetes) is when sugar grows.And insulin reduces this sugar.
In general, right.If you don't consider some trivial, at first glance, but actually important details.
Insulin
Yes, insulin really reduces the high level of sugar (more precisely - glucose) in the blood plasma.
With type 1 diabetes, which is mainly developing at a young age, the absolute deficiency of insulin is observed-the hormone is not secreted (or secreted in low quantities) with certain pancreatic structures, the langerors are.
There is no insulin - no use of glucose, and further metabolic processes are pathological.If you present insulin in the frame of replacement therapy, then the situation can be corrected to some extent.
Under the influence of this medicine, glucose enters the place where it is supposed to be - into a cage, where it is subject to separation.Metabolism is normalized.
Everything would be simple if it weren't that difficult.The fact is that in some cases the introduction of insulin can lead to major problems than its absence.The reason is hypoglycemia, a sharp drop in glucose in the blood plasma.
An insulin overdose affects very quickly, and sometimes immediately.
The skin turns pale, blood pressure falls, develops a coma, from which the patient is very difficult to remove.
The cause of hypoglycemia is not only an overdose, but also improper insulin administration.This medicine should only be administered after receiving light food.Before presenting insulin, physical activity, stresses are not desirable.
This is why the insulin dose is carefully selected by the endocrinologist depending on the level of glycemia (glucose content in the blood plasma), which is determined by laboratory tools.
The daily dose depends on the level of glycemia, the flow of diabetes and is determined by the doctor individually for each patient.
A typical division of this dose is 30% before breakfast, 35% - before lunch, 25% - before dinner and 10% at night.
Although these figures may vary depending on the way of life, work.And to choose the right insulin with the first discovered diabetes, a hard -detected mellitus of diabetes can leave for a few days.The sign is the same - laboratories.
Due to the high rice of hypoglycemia, insulin is forbidden to introduce ambulance workers in the preceding phase, who cannot control glycemia.
Recently, many portable devices, glymarometers, designed to measure blood sugar, have appeared recently.
But first, the reliability of glycomets sometimes leaves much to be desired.
And secondly, as already mentioned, delayed insulin intake is not as scary as its overdose.
It is worth noting that the insulin used to treat diabetes is not homogeneous.
It can be pork, cattle (taken from the pancreas of blocked animals) and human, synthesized with genetic engineering.
Insulin is not the same in terms of action.If it is necessary to reduce glycemia as soon as possible, short -act insulin.The effect occurs quickly, during the first 15-20 minutes, but it does not last long.
The insulin of average duration and prolonged action is created to create the necessary background of glycemia during the day.The types of insulin and their combination are also determined by an endocrinologist, depending on a specific clinical situation.
Saharasses
If insulin is produced only in the form of injection solutions (destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract), then the overwhelming number of medication for sugar reduction is represented by the tablets for internal intake.
It should be noted that insulin and sugar reduction agents for diabetes are not interchangeable.
More precisely, insulin is effective only with the type of diabetes over 1 type of mellitus.
And all sugar -lowering agents are used only for 2 species dependent on the insulin of the disease.This type is based on the relative lack of insulin.This means that the total amount of insulin produced by the pancreas is normal, or even increased.But he is still missing.
This happens with overweight in old age, when the amount of adipose tissue increases, and the compensatory abilities of the human body are low.
There are several types of the above mentioned sugar tablets.All of them in one way or another change the course of biochemical reactions, and thereby stimulate the production of insulin with beta cells.
At one point, beta cells are depleted, the relative lack of insulin becomes absolute, and there is a need for further transition in the treatment of insulin.
Sometimes the basis of diabetes mellitus can be the increase in the production of contradiction thyroid hormones, adrenal glands and the pituitary gland.The action of these hormones is precisely the opposite of such insulin - they increase blood glucose levels.
As the high level of codloxular hormones is confirmed by laboratory methods, the specific injection agents that regulate their level are described.
Glucose
It turns out that glucose in diabetes is no less important than insulin.This is especially true for severe forms of the disease.
Timely presentation of glucose inhypoglycemic- This is a matter of life and death.After all, blood sugar levels should rise as soon as possible.For this, a 40% concentrated glucose is administered intravenously with a syringe.
whetherThe patient is aware, they give a warm sugar tea drink.
But hyperglycemia (high sugar) also requires glucose administration.
After all is that glucose accumulates in plasma in large quantities.But the cell does not take this glucose.Pathological mechanisms of glioogenesis begin - glucose synthesis from fats and proteins, which decompose intensively.
To prevent this from happening, glucose is presented intravenously as part of the so -called mixing polarization.This mixture involves 5% glucose, insulin and one of the potassium drugs.Insulin contributes to the penetration of glucose into a cage, and at the same time it "attracts" potassium along with it.This is the most important intercellular element that controls almost all metabolic processes in the cell.
Another state when glucose is vital is the increase in urine release in diabetes, so -called diabetic urethics.
This is due to the high concentration of blood plasma and secondary kidney damage.Glucose is lost along with urine.In this case, the so -called a positive positive appearance - blood glucose levels decrease without insulin.
In fact, this is a potentially dangerous condition called endocrinologists with "scissors" due to mismatch between laboratory indicators and objective data.The only way out to avoid these "scissors" lies in timely administration of glucose solutions.
Certification and alkalization
Urinalism is, first of all, the loss of fluid, which quickly leads to dehydration or dehydration.Along with this, excess blood glucose is transformed into ketone bodies (acetone and other compounds) that have an acidic reaction.
This process is called ketoacidosis.
It continues extremely difficult, and in the absence of treatment ends miserable.Dehydration and ketoacidosis mutually load one another.
To eliminate dehydration, a rehabilitation is performed - recharge of fluid deficiency.The passage for diabetes involves massive, up to 3 liters a day or more, intravenous infusion of different solutions.
In addition to the above glucose, a common isotonic solution of sodium chloride (salt) is administered, as well as other solutions containing sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium ions.
Recharge of fluid deficiency normalizes the balance of acids and bases in the body, and mainly eliminates acidification in tissues - acidosis.Effective ways to combat acidosis are the infusion of sterile alkalizing solutions.These include sodium bicarbonate, or, simply, soda.If the patient's condition allows, possibly abundant alkaline drinking in the form of alkaline mineral waters.
Other medicines
Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease.This means that the pathology is not limited to the pancreas - in one way or another, almost all organs and tissues suffer.To a large extent, this is due to diabetic angiopathy - vascular and capillary lesion.
At the same time, the blood flow to these vessels and capillaries worries, which leads to secondary lesions of the internal organs - mainly, the retina (retinopathy) and the kidneys (nephropathy).To eliminate angiopathy, intravenous administration of various medicines that improve systemic blood circulation is performed.
Along with these medicines, medicines have been prescribed for a specific effect that affect the metabolic processes in nerve fibers.
Violation of blood circulation in the capillary network is often complicated by trophic ulcers with a predominant localization in the inside of the lower leg.
The treatment of these ulcers requires the use of local antiseptics and antibiotics.Diabetics more often than the rest are sick with cardiovascular-atherosclerosis, hypertension, pectoris complicated by myocardial infarction.
In the treatment of these diseases, cardiotonics are used, which positively affect the myocardium, antiastherosclerotic and hypotensive (reduction in blood pressure).With diabetes, not only desirable, but is also required to obtain different vitamin-mineral complexes in the form of pharmaceutical drugs and biologically active food additives.
Diet for diabetes
Proper nutrition in the treatment of diabetes is as important as medication.Failure to comply with diet reduces the effectiveness of these medicines to zero.This is especially true for the type 1 of diabetes, where the smallest mistakes in food are filled with serious consequences.Basic requirements for the dietary diet of diabetics:
- Fractional food intake in small portions 4-5 times;
- A balanced ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates;
- The number of calories accepted with food must be equal to the number consumed;
- With overweight - lowering overweight.
In this regard, easily soluble carbohydrates, fatty meat, sweets, hard tea, coffee, butter, grapes are contraindicated.Instead of white bread - black, instead of sugar - sugar - Diabetics.
Diet preference should be given to cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal, wheat), light vegetable soups, fresh vegetables.A diet for each patient is developed individually by a dietitian.
cONcluSiON
Of course, this article is not in any way guidance for self -medicine, which may be expensive with diabetes with diabetes.It should be noted that it is impossible to fully cure diabetes mellitus dependent on insulin.For regret, but a fact.But accurate, regular treatment, protective regime, nutrition and physical restrictions will help return to a full life and avoid unwanted complications.